Hydraulic calculations fluid power advanced fluid systems. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. Calculation of viscosity index the viscosity index. Customer benefits maximizes power steering system life specially designed viscosity characteristics. There are dynamic and kinematic viscosity are usually common for calculations.
British unit of dynamic viscosity, is the reyn, named in honour of osbourne reynolds. The usefulness of a special reynolds number for pumps is demonstrated and test results are correlated on that basis. The power required to move a fluid through a conduit is a function of the fluid velocity, the diameter of the conduit and the fluid density and viscosity. If the fluid is a pseudoplastic, then the flow behavior index constant needs to be added as.
Let us start by examining the meaning of viscosity and how it is measured. In the mks system the unit of viscosity is nsm2 whereas in the cgs system the unit of viscosity is the poise 1 poise 1dyneseccm2. While fluid power formulas are useful tools for specifying system components and capabilities. Kinematic viscosity the ratio of the absolute viscosity of a liquid to its density frequently occurs in the study of viscosity and hydraulics and the term kinematic viscosity with the symbol v has been assigned to it where p is the density. The viscosity acts an important fluid property while analyzing the liquid behaviour and fluid motion near solid boundaries. Iiit is not onlhflid lily the fluid velocity thd i h h fhhat determines the character of the flow flow its density, viscosity, and the pipe size are of equal its density, viscosity, and the pipe size are of equal importance. Every effort has been made to insure the accuracy of the formulas and the examples shown. The purpose of this manual is to aid the machine operator in the selection of. If the fluid is a newtonian fluid, then it is a direct proportion between the shear rate and viscosity. The fluid should have the proper low viscosity to allow filters and lines to handle the flow without excessive resistance. F t f numbers less than one numbers greater than one power of 10 prefix abbreviation power of 10 prefix abbreviation 101 deci d 101 deca da 102 centi 2c 10 hecto h 10 3milli m 10 kilo k 106 micro 106 mega m 109 nano n 109 giga g 1012 pico p 12 10 tera t.
Fluid characteristics chart table fluids data, fluids. Horse power to be removed x 2545 x correction viscosity oil leaving of ambient air entering of f s hp x 2545 x cv t 2 t a 8 conversions and formulas to convert into multiply by cubic feet cu. Valve flow factor valve factor gpm specific gravity pressure drop. Velocity compressibility expansion specific gravity flow coeff.
Volt unit of electrical potential or motive force potential is required to send one ampere of current through one ohm of resistance. Reynolds number, laminar flow, turbulent flow and energy losses due to friction. Kinematic viscosity and dynamic viscosity relationship. Specially formulated, highly shear stable, friction modified antiwear power steering fluid psf, approved by toyota for koyo power steering systems and conforming to former dexron iiig specification. The next chapter fluid power data is one of the strongest parts of this book. A high viscosity index signifies a relatively small change of kinematic viscosity with temperature. Students learn about the fundamental concepts important to fluid power, which includes both pneumatic gas and hydraulic liquid systems. This tool calculates pressure drop in a straight pipe due to flow of a nonnewtonian power law fluid. Pdf solutions manual fluid mechanics for engineers heidi. For example, the dynamic viscosity of water at 20c is 1. The influence of viscosity changeson the head, discharge and input power characteristics of the pumps is demonst.
P power developed by, for instance, pump or turbine w weight density nm3. Each watt will raise the temperature of 1 gallon of oil by 1 f. The existence and nature of viscosity can be demonstrated by. Water at a temperature of 20c has a viscosity of 1. The kinematic viscosity can also be determined by dividing the dynamic viscosity by the fluid density. Understanding the viscosity index the viscosity is a measure of the fluids resistance to flow. Various types of fittings, such as bends, couplings. Fluid power formulas basic formulas fluid formulas velocity. The viscosity index is an arbitrary number indicating the effect of change of temperature on the kinematic viscosity of an oil. But note that kinematic viscosity is often measured in stokes st. The greater the viscosity of a fluid, the less readily it flows and the more is the energy required to move it. It is easier to measure and more common to report the kinematic. Fluid viscosity selection criteria for hydraulic pumps and motors.
Proceedings of the 48th national conference on fluid power, 2000, chicago, ill. To idle a pump when it is unloaded will require about 5% of its full rated power wattage guideline for heating hydraulic oil. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of thickness. For viscosities of 100 to 240 saybolt universal seconds. The following formulas are readily available in many engineering textbooks, fluid power design guides, and hydraulic handbooks. Fluid flow table of contents hydraulic and pneumatic knowledge fluid power equipment. Sometimes it is also expressed in the cgs system as dynescm 2 and this unit is called a poise p. Any warranty applicable for failures related to components of danfoss power solutions does. The nature of fluid and the study of fluid mechanics 2.
Systems which have accumulated deposits that were not removed during draining must be flushed with a light viscosity fluid. The influence of viscositychangeson the head, discharge and input power characteristics of the pumps is demonst. Dynamic viscosity formula for a fluid defines its internal resistance to flow due to some shearing force. Udh fluid transmission hydraulic fluid transmission hydraulic fluid udt tranmission hydraulic fluid c3, c4 when tractor fluids are recommended typical properties method utto 10w30 utto 5w20 specific gravity at 15. The kinematic viscosity v is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass density. For viscosities of 32 100 saybolt universal seconds. Hydraulic fluids viscosity chart practical hydraulics.
Viscosity cs for viscosities of 32 to 100 saybolt universal seconds. A tangential force which acts when one horizontal plane moves with another one. Formula for fluid pressure n pounds per square inch cylinder area n square inches cylinder force. Oct 28, 2017 fluid mechanics and machinery formula book 1. Advanced fluid systems has taken great care to verify that. Advanced fluid systems has taken great care to verify that the conversions and calculations on this page are correct. Psi viscosity in centistokes for viscosities of 32 100 saybolt universal seconds. Compressibility of a fluid compressibility a bnic byninq yz epf din\ specific gravity of a fluid specific gravity hf\ipe yzjnk\ode din\ l. The more usual form of this relationship, called newtons equation, states that the resulting shear of a fluid is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to. It contains formulas, unit conversions and additional info for system calculations that, as i found, was copied from fluid power math for certification the book which provided for everybody who is applied for ifps certification.
Viscosity can be conceptualized as quantifying the frictional force that arises between adjacent layers of fluid that are in relative. Calculation of viscosity index the viscosity index of an oil is calculated from its viscosities at 40 and 100c. Fluid viscosity properties, including dynamic viscosity. Hydraulic fluids and lubricants, technical information danfoss. For viscosities greater than 240 saybolt universal seconds. Ohm unit of resistance one ohm is the resistance offered to the passage of one ampere when impelled by one volt. Students learn background information about fluid powerboth pneumatic and hydraulic systemsincluding everyday applications in our world bulldozers. Kinematic viscosity table chart of liquids engineers edge. Common electrical units used in formulas and equations are. Handbooks commonly quote viscosity in centipoise 1 cp 0. This is poiseuilles equation that applies only to laminar flow. For general engineering purpose, the flow in a round pipe laminar r 2100 e transitional turbulent r e4000. Engineering fluid mechanics staffordshire university.
The viscosity of a fluid is is one of the most important aspects for longer life of the hydraulic system. This energy is lost because it is dissipated as heat. This book is available as a free, fullcolor pdf download from. Fluid power in horsepower force pounds area square inches volume gallons time minutes pressure psi x flow gpm hp 1714 f psi a gal min gpm pxq 1714. Equations above are for fluid with specific gravity 0. The symbol for dynamic viscosity is the greek letter mu. Fluid power in horsepower hp pq1714 fluid formulas formula for. A pipe 120 mm bore diameter carries water with a head of 3 m. Kinematic viscosity for some common liquids you can see at the engineering toolbox viscosity is a function of temperature. Section 6 fluid mechanics, pumps, piping, and hydro power part 1 fluid mechanics hydrostatics 6. Fluid power formulas mechanical horsepower hp d x f 550 t hp mechanical horsepower d distance ft.
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